Diaphragm is the mathematical operator which transfers the lateral forces to the vertical elements. Diaphragms are of two types which are of rigid diaphragm and the semi-rigid diaphragm.
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AutoCAD is used for drawing preparation by Draftsmen. The inputs & the instructions for the drafters is given by Design Engineers. No Qualification is required to be a Draftsmen. Exposure on AutoCAD with normal training is enough.
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When we go with the modeling type of the slab in ETABS as MEMBRANE then the load distribution from the slab to the beam will be based on YIELD LINE THEORY
When a Load is applied to MEMRANE objects in ETABS, the load (100% of the applied load) is transferred directly to supporting structural objects.
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The TIME PERIOD (Ta) is inversely proportional to the design lateral force (BASE SHEAR) of the building. i.e
Less the TIME PERIOD (Ta) of the building more the BASE SHEAR of the building
Similarly, STIFFNESS of the building is inversely proportional to the TIME PERIOD (Ta) of the building. i.e
More the stiffness of building less the TIME PERIOD (Ta) of the building.
Many softwares are available in the market which are used by Civil & Structural Engineers. These programs help civil engineers perform their daily duties – whether it’s Analysis & Design or 3D Modeling or just ensuring that they are staying on schedule.
Based on their usages in different domains about civil & strctural engineering, We have shortlsited some of the best software that are available in the market.
There is an established tradition for salvaging and recycling building and construction materials. For hundreds of years after the end of the Roman empire, later groups plundered their buildings as a source for new materials, often skilfully worked stone masonry and fired clay products were thus incorporated into altogether cruder new buildings.
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Reinforced concrete beams are classified as over-reinforced, under-reinforced and balanced based on percentage of reinforcement provided in it.
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